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cuspate foreland
Cuspate forelands, also known as cuspate barriers or nesses in Britain, are geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores that are created primarily by longshore drift.〔Craig-Smith, S. J., Cuspate Forelands. In: M. L. Schwartz, ed. 2005. ''Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.'' The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 354–355.〕 Formed by accretion and progradation of sand and shingle, they extend outwards from the shoreline in a triangular shape.〔 Some cuspate forelands may be stabilised by vegetation, while others may migrate down the shoreline. Because some cuspate forelands provide an important habitat for many flora and fauna, effective management is required to reduce the impacts from both human activities and physical factors such as climate change and sea level rise.
==Formation==
The debate involving how cuspate forelands form is ongoing.〔McNinch, J. E., and Luettich, R. A., 2000. Physical processes around a cuspate foreland: implications to the evolution and long-term maintenance of a cape-associated shoal. ''Continental Shelf Research. '' 20, pp. 2367–2389.〕 However, the most widely accepted process of formation involves long shore drift.〔 Where longshore drift occurs in opposite directions, two spits merge into a triangular protrusion along a coastline or lakeshore.〔 Their formation is also dependent on dominant and prevailing winds working in opposite directions.〔 Formation can also occur when waves are diffracted around a barrier.〔Woodroffe, C. D., 2002. ''Coasts: form, process and evolution.'' UK: Cambridge University Press.〕
Cuspate forelands can form both along coastlines and along lakeshores. Those formed along coastlines can be in the lee of an offshore island, along a coastline that has no islands in the vicinity, or at a stream mouth where disposition occurs.〔Bird, E., 2008 ''Coastal geomorphology: an introduction.'' 2nd ed. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.〕
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